Talking to toddlers ‘changes their brain cells’

Talking to toddlers causes measurable changes in their brain cells, according to a new study.

Researchers from the University of East Anglia captured thousands of hours of language data from babies and toddlers wearing small recording devices.

The researchers carried out MRI scans to study the structure of their developing brains, looking in particular at a substance called myelin.

They found that two-and-a-half-year-olds who heard more speech in their everyday environment had more myelin in language-related areas of their brains.

The team say that this is likely to support more sophisticated language processing.

Read more: Mysterious 'rogue planet' could be even weirder than we thought

Lead researcher Prof John Spencer, from UEA’s School of Psychology, said: "We know that children’s brains develop very rapidly in the first two years of life, with brain volume at about 80 per cent that of an adult brain by the age of two.

"Myelin is made up of protein and fatty substances and forms an insulating layer around nerves in the brain. It makes brain signals more efficient.

“Imagine you have a hosepipe with lots of holes in it. Myelin is like wrapping the hosepipe with duct tape – it insulates neural fibres, bringing more of the ‘signal’ from one brain area to the next.

"We wanted to know more about how this substance is involved with early brain development and particularly whether talking to young children boosts myelin production."

Read more: Astronomers find closest black hole to Earth

The team studied data from 163 babies and toddlers, who wore small recording devices for up to 16 hours per day across three days.

These devices captured 6,208 hours of language data in total.

To measure brain structure, the researchers waited until the infants fell asleep and then carefully placed them in an MRI scanner to measure brain myelin while the child slept.

Prof Spencer said: "What we found is that the toddlers who heard more speech in their everyday environment, also had more myelin, which is likely to support more sophisticated language processing.

"In other words - talking to your kids is very important in early development as it helps to shape the brain."

The study is one of the first to show that language input is associated with brain structure early in development.

Prof Spencer said: "Prior work showed a similar association in four to six-year-olds, but our findings push this association much earlier in development. Indeed, we even found associations between language input and brain structure in six-month-old infants.

"At that age, it looks like language input might help delay myelination, possibly facilitating brain growth in language-related brain areas.

"Although there is still much more to learn about these processes, the message to caregivers is clear - talk to your baby, your toddler, your child. Not only are they listening, but your language input is literally shaping their brains."

Watch: Toddler wins hearts by hugging trees